Pollinator Data Sources for the Ecoregional Revegetation Application

Mark W. Skinner compiled these data on North American flower visitors and the plants they visit in 2017 from a broad range of sources, though primarily the scientific literature and museum specimens. Experts provided some non-referenced information. Chief among these sources and in approximate order of importance are:

• Literature-based pollination database originally researched by Drs. Gretchen LeBuhn and David Inouye and their students, funded and compiled by Mark W. Skinner—then National Botanist for the Natural Resources Conservation Service—in 2006-2008. These references are listed below.
• Over 20,000 specimen records of bees and floral host plants contributed by Dr. Terry Griswold at the USDA Bee Lab, Logan, Utah.
• A database of insects and the flowers they visited near Carlinville, IL, compiled from the classic work by Charles Robertson (1928). Database provided by John F. Tooker.
• A database of flower visitors and plant hosts contributed by the Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation, compiled by Jennifer Hopwood and colleagues in 2017. These data are a combination of expert opinion and literature sources.
• The Western Hummingbird Partnership regional land manager’s guides to maintaining and improving hummingbird habitat
• University of Chicago Botanic Garden native plant vendor database contributed by Abbey White
• The Pollinator Partnership ecoregional planting guides (www.pollinator.org)
• Integrated Taxonomic Information System (www.itis.gov)
• Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center (https://www.wildflower.org/plants/)
• Missouri Botanical Garden PlantFinder (http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/)
• BugGuide (http://bugguide.net)

The final data set contains native accepted plant species only; information for synonyms and infra-taxa was accreted to these binomial names. Skinner assembled the data sequentially so that the most reliable sources (literature and specimens) vastly predominated in the final dataset.

The USDA PLANTS Database provides the nomenclatural and distributional standard for this project, including plant names, distributions, and much ecological data. USDA PLANTS distribution data were augmented from existing herbarium sources for Iowa, South Dakota, and Oklahoma (thanks to Dr. Bruce Hoagland for the Oklahoma distribution data), and corrected to remove obvious cases of plants that have spread from their native ranges. These distribution data were then used to assign plants to EPA Level III ecoregions for the Ecoregional Revegetation Application online tool.

Enormous thanks to everyone for their contributions to nature, especially the United States Department of Agriculture and Federal Highway Administration which funded all this work.

If you use these plant/pollinator data, please cite as:

United States Department of Agriculture and US Federal Highway Administration. 2017. National database for pollinator-friendly revegetation and restoration. Compiled by Mark W. Skinner, Gretchen LeBuhn, David Inouye, Terry Griswold, and Jennifer Hopwood. Online at http://www.nativerevegetation.org/era/. Contact Mark W. Skinner (mskinner02@fs.fed.us or mwskinner55@gmail.com) for updates or more information.

If you use the larger project (e-book and this website), please cite as:

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 2017. Roadside Revegetation: An Integrated Approach to Establishing Native Plants and Pollinator Habitat. Contributing authors (in alphabetical order): Armstrong, A., Christians, R., Erickson, V., Hopwood, J., Horning, M., Kim, T., Kramer, A., Landis, T., Moore, L., Remley, D., Riley, L., Riley, S., Roberts, S., Skinner, M., Steinfeld, D., Teuscher, T., Wilkinson, K., and A. White. E-book, available online.

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Cruden, R.W. 1970. Hawkmoth pollination of Mirabilis (Nyctaginaceae). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 97 (2): 89-91.

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